english unit (6)

زمن الماضى التام 1) The Past Perfect Tense



يستخدم هذا الزمن عندما يكون هناك حدثان فى الماضى سبق إحداهما الأخر، فالحدث الذى حدث أولاً (انتهى أولاً) يكون زمنه ماضى تام أما الحدث الذى انتهى مؤخراً يكون زمنه ماضى بسيط ..... لذلك من البديهى أن لا نفهم زمن الماضى التام بدون وجود روابط فى الجمله تربط بين الحدثينوتوضح أيهما انتهى أولاً " إلا قليلاً ".
- I played with toys which Dad had given me.



يتكون الفعل فى زمن الماضى التام من :-

- When I arrived at the party, Shenouda wasn't there. He had gone home.
- After she had washed the dishes, she put them in the cupboard.



ينفى الماضى التام بوضع "not" بعد "had" ثم "p.p" كالأتى:-
- They hadn't gone to bed until late.



يستخدم الماضى التام مع الروابط التاليه:-
بمجرد أن As soon as - قبل Before - بعد After
فى الوقت الذى / بحلول الوقت الذى / قبل ..... By the time - عندماWhen







- After I had finished the letter, I posted it.
- She went to bed as soon as she had finished her homework.
- Before she went to the cinema, she had finished her homework.
- My mother had cook by the time the visitors arrived.
أما بالنسبه للرابط "when" فيختلف المعنى بإختلاف الزمن كالأتى:-
1) When I arrived the party, Shenouda had gone home.
= Shenouda first went home, and then I arrived the party.

2) When I arrived the party, Shenouda went home.
= I arrived the party the same time Shenouda went home.

3) When I had arrived, Shenouda went home.
= First I arrived, and then Shenouda went home.

ملحوظات : - إذا لم يأتِ فاعل بعد After \ Before نضع بعدهم "v + ing" أو "noun":-



- After arriving home, I felt it.
- Before traveling to China, she had bought some books about China (it).
- يمكن حذف after واستخدام having كالأتى:-


Having watched TV, I went to bed.-
- جميع الروابط الزمنية إذا آتي قبلها مستقبل بسيط يأتي بعدها مضارع بسيط آو مضارع تام:-
-I will make a plan before I begin the project.



رجال الشرطه 2) The police
تعامل معاملة الجمع دائماً:-
- The police are always ready to help people in trouble.
- The police have arrested the thieves in our area.

ربما / من المحتمل 3) Perhaps \ Probably
- Perhaps Gamal stole the money.
= Gamal probably stole the money.

v. ing + يتوقف عن 4) stop
(توقفت عن العمل) - She stopped work because she felt very tired.
- I asked the children to stop shouting because the baby was asleep.

+(to + v.) \ (v. ing) يبدأ 5) start = begin
- I started to drive a car when I was eighteen.
= I started driving a car when I was eighteen.





ارتكبت هذا الخطأ (هذه الغلطه) 1- I'm sorry. I made this mistake.
my sister when she arrived home late. (غضبان من)2- Dad was angry with
because she didn't attend the meeting.(قدمت إعتذار)3- She made an apology
بعض حروف الجر 4- Some propositions:
غضبان بخصوص (شئ) - angry about
يقتحم (مكان)- break into






الإعتذارات و الرد عليها 1) Apologizing and responding


عدم القبولRefusing قبول الإعتذارAccepting الإعتذارات Apologies
- Well, I hope you will (buy me another watch).

- Oh, dear. Well, please can you (mend it). - That's ok.
- That doesn't matter.
- ذلك لا يهم
- Never mind.
- لا تشغل بالك (ولا يهمك)
- Don't worry about it.
- لا تقلق بخصوص ذلك - I'm very \ really \ awfully \ terribly sorry.
- اننى أسف جداً
- أعذرنى - Excuse me.
فعل + فاعل +- I'm afraid
- أنا أسف
فاعل+ فعل- I must apologize +
- يجب أن أعتذر
- I apologize for + v. ing
- أعتذر عن
1) A: I'm awfully sorry. I've lost your camera.
B: Never mind. It was old.

تخمين سبب ما حدث 2) Speculating about what has happened
عند تخمين سبب حدوث شئ ما نستخدم :
أعتقد I think– ربما perhaps\may be – من المحتمل probably - قد المصدرmay +
ثم نعطى السبب أو الأسباب التى جعلتنا نخمن هذا التخمين:-
1) I think the thief was Osman Sherif. He was in the supermarket, by himself, during the robbery.
2) On the other hand, may be he wasn't the thief. He had worked in the shop for six years without any problem.